Barium

toc Dario Rainone

=**Abstract** =

Barium is a white-silver metal and, of course, it can be found in our environment. Surprisingly, almost every product we deal with every day contains barium, such as rubber, brick and glass. Fortunately, the toxicity of this chemical is low unless a consistent amount of it is eaten or inhaled. To prevent any possible issue or problem, barium is restricted or even banned in Canada and in the EU. In the US, however, only barium magnets are prohibited. Even so, barium does have a negative impact on our environment, since the US Air Force spreads it in the sky to assist in radar operations. Eventually, because the use of barium is not necessary in the majority of products we utilize, it could definitively be banned.

=**Background Section**=

A lot of different products we use every day, contain this unknown chemical compound called barium. It is especially used in candles for engines, fire works and fluorescent lamps. Furthermore barium has many other applications, such as the production of rubber, glasses, paints and bricks. Perhaps then, it is mostly used as a magnet. In fact, thanks to his characteristics, it is very good to improve the transmission of radio signals through electromagnetic waves: essentially, barium salt is spread in the air. In this way it creates a sort of “highway” in which it is possible to channel the air to send messages and to control radio waves. Therefore, military applications are obvious. Barium was discovered for the first time in 1744 by Carl Scheele, and extracted in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy in England. The oxide was named barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which was changed by Antoine Lavoisier to baryta, from which "barium" was derived to describe the metal. Exactly it is a white-silver metal and of course it is not an artificial product, in fact it can be found in our environment, where it naturally exists. Basically it is bound with other chemicals like sulfur, carbon and oxygen. Barium is also very light and has half the density of steal. It oxidizes in the air and reacts vigorously with water and with almost everything that is not a metal, forming many kinds of poisons. The toxicity of barium is often pretty low, unless a consistent amount of it is eaten or breathed. In both cases it can cause an irritation of lungs or diarrhea, vomit and abdominal pains. Sometimes it can even lead to cancer, although there is no evidence to support that. Barium salt is currently banned in Germany and in the majority of the European countries. Barium magnets are even banned in the USA since the 80s.

=**Human health implications** =

As reported in the previous section, barium is often not highly toxic. Nevertheless, the human exposition to dangerous levels of barium in contaminated potable water can cause problems to hearth, stomach, kidneys, liver and other organs. Some pesticides may contain assimilable salts (chloride, carbonate, or hydroxide). The most common sources of barium are the following: compounds used for medical exams by the utilization of x rays, ceramic, plastic, paper, soap, rubber, glass, filaments and pesticides. Once the barium has been absorbed by the body, it could remove the potassium from the cells and affect negatively the muscle tone, the heart’s functions and the neurological system. Barium could also be responsible for the onset of ictus, a severe neurological damage. It may also cause atrial fibrillation and myocardial heart attack.

Balanced chemical reaction Ba+2K(potassium)=Ba+2K

=**Environmental implications** =

The environmental implications of barium are inevitably linked to the chemtrails. They look like normal contrails (water vapor formed by the passage of airplanes), instead they are literally long and thin clouds of barium and aluminum taking place in the sky. The major chemtrails researcher is an American engineer, whose name is Clifford Carnicom. He has just completed a series of impressive reports, which demonstrate that our atmosphere is actually saturated with barium. People technically flow in barium and other heavy metals all the day. Unpredictably, the military forces are responsible for that. Indeed, using specific airplanes, they spray in the atmosphere different compounds of barium. The Air Force has used this chemical in the skies of Libya, Panama, Afghanistan and Iraq, in order to contaminate the local population. A recent report of the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base states that the military aviation is diffusing concentrated level of barium salt all over the USA and the EU, to facilitate the advanced studies on the radar transmissions. The consequences of this behaviour are the following: the atmospheric ph is changing rapidly and clouds are taking place where naturally they cannot do so. Furthermore, barium oxide has been used by the Air Force to dehumidify the clouds and reduce the precipitations. This is one of the major culprits of the climate change, which is one of the most pressing issues affecting the world.

Balanced chemical reactions Ba+O=BaO BaO + H2O → Ba(OH)2 Ba+TiO= BaTiO3

=**Synthesis and Production Section**=

Some of the most common uses of barium are found in the production of rubber, bricks and fireworks. The formulation of rubber is obtained through the addition of a vulcanizing agent and other components to a coprecipitate containing chloroprene rubber and barium silicate. Then the rubber compound is subjected to blending. Further, the rubber compound is overlaid with a metal sheet and vulcanized under application of heat and pressure, by which a metal and chloroprene rubber composite material is produced. Instead, for the production of bricks a water-soluble liquid syrup carbohydrate is included in the clay. It is crushed and ground with a water-soluble barium salt, the mix then being extruded and the bricks dried and fired. The liquid syrup carbohydrate is added at A to the grinder or at B to the extruder. Eventually, barium in fireworks is used as colorant, to give them that green effect once they explode: in the pyrotechnic composition are included flame colorants or coolant, such as strontium oxalate, strontium carbonate, barium oxalate, barium carbonate, calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate.

Barium Carbonate	Barium Oxalate            	Barium Nitrate (Salt) Ba + CO3 = Ba CO3             Ba + C2O4 = BaC2O4        Ba + NO3  = Ba(NO3)2

The most convenient method to produce barium in form of a metal, is through the reduction of barium oxide (BaO) with aluminum (Al) or silicon (Si) in a vacuum at 1000-1500°C, with the formation of barium metalluminate: 4BaO + 2Al → BaAl2O4 + 3Ba

=**Atomic Structure of Barium**=

Atomic Number: 56 Number of Protons/Electrons: 56 Number of Neutrons: 81

Number of Energy Levels: 6 First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 18 Fifth Energy Level: 8 Sixth Energy Level: 2

=**Economical and Political Impact**=

Because of the risks related to its toxicity, barium is banned in a series of countries where the governments have a sense of responsibility toward the health of their citizens. Although there are very few of them with such a characteristic, even the US is partly involved in the barium restricting policy. Toys made with barium in form of heavy metal for instance are illegal in Canada. In Germany and in the majority of the EU countries, barium salts are banned from being used in cosmetics. Furthermore, despite the fact that barium magnets are banned in the USA since the 80s, the standards on safe chemicals of the local government lag behind to the European ones. Since many products, which contain barium, are banned in the EU and because it is not extremely necessary, the consequences of its prohibition wouldn’t be very grave and critical. Therefore alternatives wouldn’t be essential. Furthermore the banishment of barium, directly, would only (positively) affect people who use certain types of cosmetics. Eventually there is no reason why this harmful and toxic chemical shouldn’t be banned.

=**Conclusion**=

Thus, none of the products or materials we constantly deal with necessitates barium in any of its forms. Indeed, in Europe, like in Canada, it has been banished for years. Therefore, this proves that the prohibition of barium wouldn’t cause any drastic change or modification in our life or in the economy. Unfortunately, even if barium were to be banned, this issue wouldn’t be solved. In order to do so, the American citizens and people all over the world should pressure the US Air Force to stop spreading barium salt in the atmosphere for military purposes. The military advantages related to the spreading of barium don’t outweigh the consequential risks correlated to the health of the people and the environment.

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Resources: www.cospirazione.net www.petitiononline.com www.sciechimiche.org www.wikipedia.org www.capodannoinvilla.it www.freenfo.blogspot.com